A good starting point is to examine correlations of other variables with each of the four quadrant-scores implications for compound indices flow from the pattern of those. By recording feelings in each quadrant, we can look separately at: Activated negative affect: top-left quadrant ( Anxiety or HANA 1 ) Activated positive affect: top-right quadrant ( Enthusiasm or HAPA) Low activation negative affect: bottom-left quadrant ( Depression or LANA) Low-activation positive affect: bottom-right quadrant ( Comfort or LAPA) In some projects, it can also be of interest to examine a selection of combined-quadrant scores, chosen as theoretically appropriate for the study in question: The Anxiety-Comfort dimension: top-left and bottom-right quadrants The Depression-Enthusiasm dimension: bottom-left and top-right quadrants All negative affect: two left-hand quadrants All positive affect: two right-hand quadrants The first two of those (diagonal in the circumplex) have been emphasized by Warr (2007).

Affects in the four quadrants are different in tone, and can have different causes and consequences. Although the two PANAS scales were originally referred to as positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA), it is widely recognized that they tap only certain kinds of those affects high-arousal feelings in the two upper segments of the diagram. However, that has rarely been the case, in part because many measures have been based on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) created by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen (1988). For example, research into positive affect might be expected to cover all feelings on the right-hand side of the figure, involving both low and high activation. 1Дў Despite strong theory and evidence for the power of the circumplex model, studies of job affect have often been imprecise about the location of studied feelings in terms of the quadrants. Feelings in terms of those two axes are illustrated around the outside of the diagram, and summary labels for each quadrant are indicated as Anxiety (activated negative), Enthusiasm (activated positive), Comfort (low-activation positive) and Depression (low-activation negative).

The arousal dimension vertical in the figure concerns a person s state of readiness for action or energy expenditure (Russell, 2003, p.156). These can helpfully be viewed in terms of the circumplex shown below, specifying feelings not only in terms of a displeasure-pleasure continuum but also through low-tohigh mental arousal or activation (e.g., Remington, Fabrigar, & Visser, 2000 Russell, 1980, 2003).

The latter have been examined in terms of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, engagement, burnout, strain, etc., but there is also a need to study more specific states.

1 Postscript 2014: Additional information about this measure is available in the paper by Peter Warr, Uta Bindl, Sharon Parker and Ilke Inceoglu: Four-quadrant investigation of job-related affects and behaviours, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 2014, 23, IWP MULTI-AFFECT INDICATOR Peter Warr, Institute of Work Psychology, University of Sheffield and Sharon Parker, School of Business, University of Western Australia February 2010 The principal outcome variables in organizational psychological research are behaviours and feelings.

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